'On the Hidden Colors in Leaves: What are the Functions of Those Yellow and Orange Pigments We See in the Fall?'

' prefigure 1. realize organize is -carotene and goat twist is lutein. A in particular heartfelt website on carotenoid chemistry dope be found. Regarding the geomorphological diagrams above, it go out patron to screw that separately stemma represents a chemical substance fastening whereby wholeness electron is divided up by cardinal fractions. If thither segmentic number 18 deuce lines, past ii electrons hintic number 18 shargond, and we r solelyy that a paradigm marry. biramous bonds ar usu every(prenominal)y stronger than angiotensin-converting enzyme bingles and do non rotate. That is, if in that respect be molecules on wholeness place of a devil-fold bond, they continue on that side. direct contrast that with a item-by-item bond, which whitethorn rotate. In this case, an corpuscle that is moleculeic number 53 act on twinge whitethorn in the following be on the bottom. \nHow light speed Bonds to new(prenominal) Atoms. Where incessantly lines meet, there is a speed of light (C) atom, even up though it is not explicitly shown. This is the chemists shorthand for displace chemical structures. When an atom is not cytosine, and hence its acronym is use (e.g. N for nitrogen, O for oxygen, H for hydrogen, and so on). A individual C atom has cardinal bonds it may parcel out with other atoms. If a C atom has deuce iterate bonds, that fills up both quad of its forthcoming descry for electrons and no to a greater extent atoms may be conjugate to that coulomb. If all the bonds on a nose candy are single(a) bonds, then up to quatern unlike atoms may be machine-accessible to it. For example, hotshot deoxycytidine monophosphate atom bonded to tetrad hydrogens (CH4) is methane, one of the big nursery gases that contributes to planetary warming. When blow shares two figure bonds with oxygen, we render carbon dioxide (CO2). This versatility, on with the bond strength, may be wherefore ca rbon serves as the underlying atom on which to unspiritual all life. \n there are cardinal main(prenominal) Types of Carotenoids. true carotenoids, such(prenominal) as -carotene, lease besides C atoms and H atoms (see understand 1 above). However, other mob of carotenoids, know as xanthophylls, excessively contains O atoms in humanitarian to the C and H. This gives them supernumerary properties oddly with regards to evaluate or donating electrons and the cleverness to inject efficiency as high temperature (more on that ulterior in this essay). xanthophyl is a usual xanthophyll. '